Artificial Intelligence Literacy and Ethical Digital Governance: Pathways of Multi-Stakeholder Collaboration and Value Alignment
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56868/jadhur.v4i3.310Keywords:
Artificial Intelligence Literacy, Ethical Digital Governance, Multi Stakeholder Collaboration, Value Alignment, Stakeholder Theory, Public Value Theory, Responsible AIAbstract
The need for ethical governance based on responsibility, transparency, and equity has increased due to the rapid integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in business, education, and governance. This study explores the relationship between value alignment, multi-stakeholder engagement, and AI literacy as key pillars of moral digital governance. Based on public value theory and stakeholder theory, the study employs a qualitative interpretive design that combines comparative case analysis and grounded theory. Between 2019 and 2025, data on governance systems in the Global South, China, and the European Union were gathered from academic publications, institutional reports, and international policy instruments. According to research, value alignment serves as the normative outcome that ensures consistency between AI systems and social ethics, collaboration serves as the working tool that transforms literacy into ethical governance, and AI literacy serves as the cognitive foundation for evidence-based engagement. While fragmented or top-down models of governance fell short in terms of accountability and inclusivity, regions such as the EU and China that integrated AI literacy and participatory governance into their institutional framework demonstrated greater ethical coherence and public trust. The study offers a strong theoretical and applied framework that demonstrates how literacy-based collaboration results in moral and value-based governance. The study recommended trust-based and participatory discussion instead of regulatory compliance to AI governance. In addition the study recommended that the stakeholders such as educators, policymakers, and technology develop the models that connect the most important components that are, literacy, cooperation, and value alignment to develop human-centered and socially acceptable AI technologies in the emerging digital era.
References
Alharbi, T. (2021). Assessment of cybersecurity awareness among students: Implications for protecting cyberspace and reducing cybersecurity threats. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 14(2), 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14020023
Atwood, B. (2025). Artificial intelligence in Iran: National narratives and material realities. Iranian Studies. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1017/irn.2024.63
Batool, A., Zowghi, D., & Bano, M. (2025). AI governance: A systematic literature review. AI and Ethics, 5, 3265–3279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-024-00653-w
Baum, S. D. (2020). Social choice ethics in artificial intelligence. AI and Society, 35(1), 165–176.
Beer, D. (2017). The social power of algorithms. Information, Communication & Society, 20(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1216147
Bender, E. M., Gebru, T., McMillan-Major, A., & Shmitchell, S. (2021). On the dangers of stochastic parrots: Can language models be too big? In Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT ’21) (pp. 610–623). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3442188.3445922
Biagini, G. (2025). Towards an AI literate future: A systematic literature review exploring education, ethics, and applications. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 35, 2616–2666. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-025-00466-w
Birdayanthi, B., Yusriadi, Y., & Ikmal, I. (2025). Accountability and transparency in public administration for improved service delivery. Journal Social Civilecial. https://doi.org/10.71435/610633
Bommasani, R., Hudson, D. A., Adeli, E., Altman, R., Arora, S., von Arx, S., et al. (2022). On the opportunities and risks of foundation models. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2108.07258
Bozeman, B. (2007). Public values and public interest: Counterbalancing economic individualism. Georgetown University Press. https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/book13027
Bridoux, F., & Stoelhorst, J. W. (2022). Stakeholder governance: Solving the collective action problems in joint value creation. Academy of Management Review, 47, 214–236. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2019.0441
Bryson, J. M., Crosby, B. C., & Bloomberg, L. L. (2014). Public value governance: Moving beyond traditional public administration and the new public management. Public Administration Review, 74(4), 445–456. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12238
Calo, R. (2017). Artificial intelligence policy: A primer and roadmap. UC Davis Law Review, 51, 399–435. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3015350
Chu-Ke, C., & Dong, Y. (2024). Misinformation and literacies in the era of generative artificial intelligence: A brief overview and a call for future research. Emerging Media, 2(1), 70–85. https://doi.org/10.1177/27523543241240285
Coeckelbergh, M. (2025). Three challenges for a global AI ethics: Towards a more relational normative vision. AI Ethics, 5, 5527–5533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-025-00791-9
Council of the European Union. (2024). Artificial intelligence act. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/artificial-intelligence
Crawford, K., & Calo, R. (2016). There is a blind spot in AI research. Nature, 538(7625), 311–313. https://doi.org/10.1038/538311a
Dignum, V. (2019). Responsible artificial intelligence: How to develop and use AI in a responsible way. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30371-6
Donaldson, T., & Preston, L. E. (1995). The stakeholder theory of the corporation: Concepts, evidence, and implications. Academy of Management Review, 20(1), 65–91.
Ebers, M. (2025). Truly risk based regulation of artificial intelligence: How to implement the EU’s AI Act. European Journal of Risk Regulation, 16(2), 684–703.
European Commission. (2021). Proposal for a regulation laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act). Brussels.
Floridi, L., & Cowls, J. (2019). A unified framework of five principles for AI in society. Harvard Data Science Review, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1162/99608f92.8cd550d1
Floridi, L., Cowls, J., Beltrametti, M., Chatila, R., Chazerand, P., Dignum, V., & Vayena, E. (2018). AI4People—An ethical framework for a good AI society: Opportunities, risks, principles, and recommendations. Minds and Machines, 28(4), 689–707. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-018-9482-5
Foka, A., Griffin, G., Ortiz Pablo, D., Rajkowska, P., & Badri, S. (2025). Tracing the bias loop: AI, cultural heritage and bias mitigating in practice. AI & Society, 40(3), 5835–5847. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-025-02349-z
Freeman, R. E. (1984). Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. Pitman.
Future of Life Institute. (2017). Asilomar AI principles. https://futureoflife.org/ai-principles
Gabriel, I. (2020). Artificial intelligence, values, and alignment. Minds and Machines, 30(3), 411–437. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-020-09539-2
Güngör, H. (2020). Creating value with artificial intelligence: A multi-stakeholder perspective. Journal of Creating Value, 6(1), 72–85.
Hadfield-Menell, D., Russell, S., Abbeel, P., & Dragan, A. (2016). Cooperative inverse reinforcement learning. In D. D. Lee, M. Sugiyama, U. V. Luxburg, I. Guyon, & R. Garnett (Eds.), Advances in neural information processing systems (Vol. 29, pp. 3909–3917). Curran Associates, Inc
Hidayat, W., & Muis, A. (2025). Ethical and legal challenges of artificial intelligence in the judicial system: An Indonesian perspective. Justicia Insight, 2(1), 9–15. https://doi.org/10.70716/justin.v2i1.274
Taddeo, M., & Floridi, L. (2018). How AI can be a force for good. Science, 361(6404), 751–752.
Hingle, A., & Johri, A. (2025). Systematic review of collaborative learning activities for promoting AI literacy (arXiv:2508.15111). arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2508.15111
Hristovska, A. (2023). Fostering media literacy in the age of AI: Examining the impact on digital citizenship and ethical decision making. Kairos, 2(2), 39–59. https://doaj.org/article/744cb4faf2364808b8623d9a6f750ffa
Huang, L. T. L., Papyshev, G., & Wong, J. K. (2025). Democratizing value alignment: From authoritarian to democratic AI ethics. AI Ethics, 5, 11–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-024-00624-1
Hussein, H., Gordon, M., Hodgkinson, C., Foreman, R., & Wagad, S. (2025). ChatGPT’s impact across sectors: A systematic review of key themes and challenges. Big Data and Cognitive Computing, 9(3), 56. https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9030056
Irawati, S., Hayat, A., Juniar, A., & Handayani, S. A. (2023). Exploring accountability and transparency in government agency management: A literature review. Ilomata International Journal of Management, 5(3), 587–600. https://doi.org/10.61194/ijjm.v5i3.1189
Islam Tonmoy, S. M. T., Zaman, S. M. M., Jain, V., Rawte, V., Chadha, A., & Das, A. (2024). A comprehensive survey of hallucination mitigation techniques in large language models (arXiv:2401.01313). arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2401.01313
Ji, Z., Lee, N., Frieske, R., Yu, T., Su, D., Xu, Y., … Fung, P. (2023). Survey of hallucination in natural language generation. ACM Computing Surveys, 55(12), 1–38. https://doi.org/10.1145/3571730
Jiang, Z., Abedin, B., & Marjanovic, O. (2024). Understanding the components of AI literacy at the individual, group, and organisational level: An organisational learning perspective. In Proceedings of the 35th Australasian Conference on Information Systems (ACIS 2024). Australasian Association for Information Systems.
Jobin, A., Ienca, M., & Vayena, E. (2019). The global landscape of AI ethics guidelines. Nature Machine Intelligence, 1(9), 389–399.
Karimov, A., & Saarela, M. (2025). AI literacy and governance as foundations for ethical AI: A cross-national review of government strategies. In Proceedings of the 2025 International Conference on Innovation and Technology Research (CITREx). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/CITREx64975.2025.10974932
Karmakar, A. (2024). AI governance in Bangladesh: A critical evaluation of the transition from strategic vision to policy framework. Indian Journal of Legal Review, 4(3), 668–677.
Kathala, K. C. R., & Palakurthi, S. (2025). AI literacy framework and strategies for implementation in developing nations. In Proceedings of the 2024 16th International Conference on Education Technology and Computers (ICETC ’24) (pp. 418–422). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3702163.3702449
Khanal, S., Zhang, H., & Taeihagh, A. (2024). Building an AI ecosystem in a small nation: Lessons from Singapore’s journey to the forefront of AI. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11, 866. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03289-7
Kim, T. W., Hooker, J., & Donaldson, T. (2021). Taking principles seriously: A hybrid approach to value alignment in artificial intelligence. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 70, 871–890. https://doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.12558
Klenk, M. (2023). Algorithmic transparency and manipulation. Philosophy & Technology, 36(4), Article 79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-023-00678-9
Kraus, S., Jones, P., Kailer, N., Weinmann, A., Chaparro-Banegas, N., & Roig-Tierno, N. (2021). Digital transformation: An overview of the current state of the art of research. SAGE Open, 11(3), 21582440211047576. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211047576
Lakshitha, P. C., Manoj, A., & Jeevanandhan, L. (2025). Artificial intelligence in Indian governance: Modernising public service delivery. Electronic Journal of Social and Strategic Studies, 6(Special Issue VII), 122–134. https://doi.org/10.47362/EJSSS.2025.6607
Liu, X., Zhang, L., & Wei, X. (2025). Generative artificial intelligence literacy: Scale development and its effect on job performance. Behavioral Sciences, 15(6), Article 811. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15060811
Long, D., & Magerko, B. (2020). What is AI literacy? Competencies and design considerations. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1–16). https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376727
MacDonald, A., Clarke, A., Huang, L., & Seitanidi, M. M. (2019). Partner strategic capabilities for capturing value from sustainability-focused multi-stakeholder partnerships. Sustainability, 11(3), 557. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030557
Marzdar, M. H. (2025). Artificial intelligence in Iran's public administration: Opportunities, challenges, and strategic approaches for governance innovation. International Journal of Applied Research in Management, Economics and Accounting, 2(2), 16–35. https://doi.org/10.63053/ijmea.38
Mehrabi, N., Morstatter, F., Saxena, N., Lerman, K., & Galstyan, A. (2021). A survey on bias and fairness in machine learning. ACM Computing Surveys, 54(6), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1145/3457607
Miao, F., Shiohira, K., & Lao, N. (2023). AI competency framework for students. UNESCO. https://doi.org/10.54675/JKJB9835
Milano, S., Thiebes, S., & Avital, M. (2020). Artificial intelligence and mass personalization of communication content. New Media & Society, 24(5), 1258–1277. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221087864
Mills, K., Ruiz, P., Lee, K., Coenraad, M., Fusco, J., Roschelle, J., & Weisgrau, J. (2024, May). AI literacy: A framework to understand, evaluate, and use emerging technology. Digital Promise. https://doi.org/10.51388/20.500.12265/218
Moore, M. H. (1995). Creating public value: Strategic management in government. Harvard University Press.
Moore, M. H. (2013). Recognizing public value. Harvard University Press.
Muhammad, A., Siddiqui, R., & Khan, S. (2025). Ethical and governance implications of AI in Pakistan’s financial sector. Review of Management and Social Sciences, 10(1), 45–61. https://rjmssjournal.com/index.php/7/article/view/290
Muraven, M. (2017, March 18). Goal conflict in designing an autonomous artificial system (arXiv:1703.06354). arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1703.06354
National Institute of Standards and Technology. (2023). Artificial intelligence risk management framework (AI RMF 1.0) (NIST AI 100-1). U.S. Department of Commerce. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.AI.100-1
Ng, D. T. K. (2021). AI literacy: Definition, teaching, and learning. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 2, Article 100041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2021.100041
Ng, D. T. K., Leung, J. K. L., Chu, K. W. S., & Qiao, M. S. (2021). AI literacy: Definition, teaching, evaluation and ethical issues. Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 58(1), 504–509. https://doi.org/10.1002/pra2.487
Novelli, C., Taddeo, M., & Floridi, L. (2023). Accountability in artificial intelligence: What it is and how it works. AI & Society, 39, 1871–1882. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-023-01635-y
Obermeyer, Z., Powers, B., Vogeli, C., & Mullainathan, S. (2019). Dissecting racial bias in an algorithm used to manage the health of populations. Science, 366(6464), 447–453. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax2342
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2019). OECD principles on artificial intelligence. https://oecd.ai/en/ai-principles
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2024). OECD AI principles: OECD Council recommendation on artificial intelligence. https://oecd.ai/ai-principles
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., … Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
Pauwels, E. (2020). The new geopolitics of converging risks: The UN and prevention in the era of AI. United Nations University Centre for Policy Research. https://collections.unu.edu/view/UNU:7442
Pies, I., & Valentinov, V. (2023). Trade-offs in stakeholder theory: An ordonomic perspective. Social Responsibility Journal, 20(5), 975–997. https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-06-2023-0321
Pinch, T. J., & Bijker, W. E. (1984). The social construction of facts and artifacts: Or how the sociology of science and the sociology of technology might benefit each other. Social Studies of Science, 14(3), 399–441. https://doi.org/10.1177/030631284014003004
Prajescu, A. I., & Confalonieri, R. (2025). Argumentation-based explainability for legal AI: Comparative and regulatory perspectives (arXiv:2510.11079). arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2510.11079
Prikshat, V., Patel, P., Varma, A., & Ishizaka, A. (2022). A multi-stakeholder ethical framework for AI-augmented HRM. International Journal of Manpower, 43(1), 226–250. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-03-2021-0118
Rajkomar, A., Dean, J., & Kohane, I. (2019). Machine learning in medicine. New England Journal of Medicine, 380(14), 1347–1358. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1814259
Rane, N., Shirke, S., Choudhary, S. P., & Rane, J. (2024). Education strategies for promoting academic integrity in the era of artificial intelligence and ChatGPT: Ethical considerations, challenges, policies, and future directions. Journal of ELT Studies, 1(1), 36–59. https://doi.org/10.48185/jes.v1i1.1314
Rawte, V., Sheth, A., & Das, A. (2023). A survey of hallucination in large foundation models (arXiv:2309.05922). arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2309.05922
Roberts, H., Cowls, J., Morley, J., Taddeo, M., Wang, V., & Floridi, L. (2021). The Chinese approach to artificial intelligence: An analysis of policy, ethics, and regulation. AI & Society, 36, 59–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-020-00992-2
Robles, P., & Mallinson, D. J. (2023). Catching up with AI: Pushing toward a cohesive governance framework. Politics & Policy, 51(3), 355–372. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12529
Romanishyn, A. (2025). AI-driven disinformation: Policy recommendations for addressing online manipulation. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 4, Article 1569115. https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2025.1569115
Russell, S. (2019). Human compatible: Artificial intelligence and the problem of control. Viking.
Russell, S., & Norvig, P. (2021). Artificial intelligence: A modern approach (4th ed.). Pearson.
Russell, S., Dewey, D., & Tegmark, M. (2015). Research priorities for robust and beneficial artificial intelligence. AI Magazine, 36(4), 105–114. https://doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v36i4.2577
Sabatier, P. A., & Weible, C. M. (2014). Theories of the policy process (3rd ed.). Westview Press.
Sadat, A. (2025). Digital governance and civic inclusion to enhance public participation in political decision-making processes. Frontiers in Political Science, 7, Article 1671373. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2025.1671373
Saeidnia, H. R., Hosseini, E., Lund, B. D., Alipour Tehrani, M., Zaker, S., & Molaei, S. (2025). Artificial intelligence in the battle against disinformation and misinformation: A systematic review of challenges and approaches. Knowledge and Information Systems, 67, 3139–3158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-024-02337-7
Schwerzmann, K., & Campolo, A. (2025). “Desired behaviors”: Alignment and the emergence of a machine learning ethics. AI & Society, 40(7), 5181–5194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-025-02272-3
Selbst, A. D., Boyd, D., Friedler, S. A., Venkatasubramanian, S., & Vertesi, J. (2019). Fairness and abstraction in sociotechnical systems. In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT ’19) (pp. 59–68). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3287560.3287598
Socol De La Osa, D. U., & Remolina Leon, N. (2024). Artificial intelligence at the bench: Legal and ethical challenges of informing—or misinforming—judicial decision-making through generative AI. Data and Policy, 6, 1–30. https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/sol_research/4548
Stahl, B. C., & Eke, D. (2024). The ethics of ChatGPT: Exploring the ethical issues of an emerging technology. International Journal of Information Management, 74, Article 102700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102700
State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China. (2025). Global AI governance action plan (full text). https://dusseldorf.china-consulate.gov.cn/det/zgyw/20250730_11679598.htm
Su, J., Ng, D. T. K., & Chu, S. K. W. (2023). Artificial intelligence (AI) literacy in early childhood education: The challenges and opportunities. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 4, Article 100124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2023.100124
Tahaei, M., Constantinides, M., Quercia, D., & Muller, M. (2023). A systematic literature review of human-centered, ethical, and responsible AI (arXiv:2302.05284). arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.05284
Thomas, J., & Harden, A. (2008). Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 8(1), 45. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-8-45
Tranfield, D., Denyer, D., & Smart, P. (2003). Towards a methodology for developing evidence-informed management knowledge by means of systematic review. British Journal of Management, 14(3), 207–222. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.00375
UNESCO. (2023). AI and education: Guidance for policy-makers in Asia-Pacific. UNESCO Publishing.
UNESCO. (2024, August 5). Key Nepali stakeholders provide recommendations and directions for integrating AI in education in Nepal. https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/key-nepali-stakeholders-provide-recommendations-and-directions-integrating-ai-education-nepal
United Nations. (2022). Global digital compact: Open consultation brief. United Nations Office of the Secretary-General’s Envoy on Technology. https://www.un.org/techenvoy/global-digital-compact
Van Wyk, B. (2024). Exploring the philosophy and practice of AI literacy in higher education in the Global South: A scoping review. Cybrarians Journal, (73), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.70000/cj.2024.73.601
Veale, M., & Zuiderveen Borgesius, F. (2021). Demystifying the draft EU artificial intelligence act—Analysing the good, the bad, and the unclear elements of the proposed approach. Computer Law Review International, 22(4), 97–112.
Weidinger, L., Mellor, J., Rauh, M., Griffin, C., Uesato, J., Huang, P., Cheng, M., Glaese, M., Balle, B., Kasirzadeh, A., Kenton, Z., Brown, S., Hawkins, W., Stepleton, T., Birhane, A., Hendricks, L. A., Isaac, W., Haas, J., Rimell, L., & Gabriel, I. (2022). Ethical and social risks of harm from language models (arXiv:2112.04359). arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2112.04359
Winfield, A. F., & Jirotka, M. (2018). Ethical governance is essential to building trust in robotics and artificial intelligence systems. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 376(2133), Article 20180085. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2018.0085
Wright, J. (2024). The development of AI ethics in Japan: Ethics-washing Society 5.0? East Asian Science, Technology and Society: An International Journal, 18(2), 117–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/18752160.2023.2275987
Wu, H., Li, D., & Mo, X. (2025). Understanding GAI risk awareness among higher vocational education students: An AI literacy perspective. Education and Information Technologies, 30, 14273–14304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-024-13312-8
Xu, J., Lee, T., & Goggin, G. (2024). AI governance in Asia: Policies, praxis and approaches. Communication Research and Practice, 10(3), 275–287. https://doi.org/10.1080/22041451.2024.2391204
Yotawut, M. (2018). Examining progress in research on public value. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 39(1), 168–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kjss.2017.12.005
Zawacki-Richter, O., Marín, V. I., Bond, M., & Gouverneur, F. (2019). Systematic review of research on artificial intelligence applications in higher education—Where are the educators? International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 16(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-019-0171-0
Zhao, L., Wu, X., & Luo, H. (2022). Developing AI literacy for primary and middle school teachers in China: Based on a structural equation modeling analysis. Sustainability, 14(21), 14549. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114549
Zhu, J. (2024). AI ethics with Chinese characteristics? Concerns and preferred solutions in Chinese academia. AI & Society, 39, 1261–1274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-022-01578-w
Zou, J., & Schiebinger, L. (2018). AI can be sexist and racist—It’s time to make it fair. Nature, 559(7714), 324–326. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-05707-8
Zwitter, A. (2024). Cybernetic governance: Implications of technology convergence on governance convergence. Ethics and Information Technology, 26, 24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-024-09763-9
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Hao Xu, Nurul Liyana Mohd Kamil

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.













